Cryptosporidium spp. and helminths in distribution networks, water treatment plants and raw water from Azuero (Panama): implications for drinking water quality
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70099/BJ/2025.02.04.5Keywords:
Cryptosporidium sppAbstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and helminths are highly relevant waterborne parasites due to their resistance to conventional drinking water treatment. This study aimed to detect and quantify Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and helminth biological forms in drinking water supply systems and raw water sources in the Azuero region (Panama), in order to identify treatment failures and associated public health risks. Eight sampling points—including distribution networks, treatment plants and river sources—were analyzed by filtering 1000 L of water (1 µm polypropylene filter), followed by Ziehl–Neelsen, Lugol and Giemsa staining. Physicochemical parameters were within expected ranges, except for the Macaracas treatment plant, which showed 0 ppm of residual chlorine. The highest concentrations of Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in raw water from the La Villa River and at the Macaracas facility, where disinfection was absent. Overall, 96% of parasitic forms were found in untreated river water, whereas only 4% were detected in treated distribution networks. Eggs and larvae of Ascaris, Taenia, Strongyloides, hookworms and Blastocystis were also identified, mainly associated with livestock activities and insufficient protection of water sources. These findings reveal critical deficiencies in disinfection and filtration processes, highlighting the persistence of resistant protozoa and helminths within drinking water supply systems. Strengthening microbiological surveillance and treatment practices is urgently required, in accordance with WHO recommendations, to mitigate public health risks.References
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